STANDARDS OF THE EXPANSION JOINT MANUFACTURERS
ASSOCIATION, INC.
CONTENTS
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SECTION A - DEFINITIONS
SECTION B - SAFETY RECOMMENDATIONS AND APPLICATIONS
SECTION C - EXPANSION
JOINT DESIGN
SECTION D - MANUFACTURING
AND TESTING
SECTION E - SHIPPING
AND INSTALLATION
APPENDICES, TABLES, AND INDEX
SECTION A - DEFINITIONS
A-1 Definitions and Nomenclature 1
A-1.1 Expansion Joints 1
A-1.2 Expansion Joint Components and Related Equipment 2
A-2 Nomenclature 6
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SECTION B - SAFETY RECOMMENDATIONS AND APPLICATIONS
B-1 Safety Recommendations For Piping Systems Containing
Bellows Expansion Joints 13
B-1.1 Design Specification 13
B-1.2 Expansion Joint Design 15
B-1.3 Expansion Joint Manufacturing Quality 16
B-1.4 Installation 16
B-1.5 Post Installation Inspection Prior to System Pressure Test 16
B-l.6 Inspection During and Immediately After System Pressure Tests 17
B-1.7 Periodic Inservice Inspection 17
B-1.8 System Operation 18
B-1.9 Typical Causes of Expansion Joint Failure 18
B-2 Expansion Joint Applications 20
B-2.1 Selection of Expansion Joints and Calculation of Thermal Expansion 20
B-2.2 Applications For Axial Movement 25
B-2.3 Applications For Lateral Deflection, Angular Rotation & Combined
Movements 29
B-2.3.1 Single Expansion Joints 29
B-2.3.2 Universal Expansion Joints 32
B-2.3.3 Pressure Balanced Expansion Joints 35
B-2.3.4 Hinged Expansion Joints 39
B-2.3.5 Calculation of Angular Rotation in a 3 Hinge Piping System 44
B-2.3.6 Gimbal Expansion Joints 48
B-2.4 Anchor, Guide And Support Requirements 49
B-25 Multi-Ply Bellows 59
B-3 Flanges 62
B-4 Corrosion 63
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SECTION C - EXPANSION
JOINT DESIGN
C-1 Movements, Forces and Moments -
Circular Expansion Joints 65
C-1.1 Movement Definitions 65
C-1.2 How Movement Is Absorbed By Expansion Joints 65
C-1.3 Forces and Moments 72
C-1.3.1 Force and Moment Calculations 72
C-1.3.2 Sample Calculations Of Bellows Forces And Moments 75
C-1.4 Cold Springing 101
C-2 Vibration - Circular Expansion
Joints 103
C-3 Internal Sleeves. Circular Expansion Joints 106
C-4 Bellows Design - Circular
Expansion Joints 109
C-4.1 Parameters And Criteria Affecting Bellows Design 110
C-4.1.1 Unreinforced Bellows 110
C-4.1.2 Reinforced Bellows 110
C-4.1.3 Internal Pressure Capacity 111
C-4.1.4 Deflection Stress 112
C-4.1.5 Fatigue Life Expectancy 112
C-4.1.6 Bellows Stability 114
C-4.1.7 Bellows Spring Rate 117
C-4.1.8 Correlation Testing 118
C-4.1.9 Bellows Heat Treatment 118
C-4.2 Design Equations 119
C-4.2.1 Design Equations For Unreinforced Bellows 119
C-4.2.2 Design Equations for Reinforced Bellows 121
C-4.2.3 Design Equations for Toroidal Bellows 123
C-4.2.4 Bellows Torsion~ Unreinforced/Reinforced Bellows 125
C-5 Effect Of External Pressure - Circular
Expansion Joints 133
C-6 Tie Rods, Hinges and Similar Accessories 135
C-7 Bellows Design- Rectangular Expansion Joints 140
C7.1 Movement Equations 140
C-7.2 Combining Movements 142
C-7.3 Movement Range 143
C-7.4 Sample Calculations of Bellows Equivalent Movement per Convolution 143
C-7.5 Force and Moment Calculations 146
C-7.6 Performance Equations 148
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SECTION D
. MANUFACTURING
AND TESTING
D-1 Methods of Forming Bellows 151
D-2 Manufacturing Quality Control Program Requirements 153
D-2.1 General 153
D-2.2 Authority and Responsibility 153
D-2.3 Quality Assurance Organization 153
D-2.4 Drawings, Design Calculations, and Specification Control and Document
Control 153
D-2.5 Materials and Materials Control 154
D-2.6 Manufacturing Process Control 154
D-2.7 In-Process Inspection and Examination Program 154
D-2.8 Measuring and Test Equipment Control 155
D-2.9 Material Non Conformance Control 155
D-2.10 Corrective Action (Supplies and Services) 155
D-2.11 Welding 156
D-2.12 Heat Treatment 156
D-2.13 Packaging, Preservation, Shipping and Storage 156
D-2.14 Quality Assurance Audits 156
D-2.15 Records Retention 156
D-2.16 Fabrication Tolerances 157
D-3 Testing, Inspection 166
D-3.1 Nondestructive Examination 166
D-3.1.1 Radiographic Examination 166
D-3.1.2 Liquid Penetrant Examination 166
D-3.1.3 Fluorescent Penetrant Examination 167
D-3.1.4 Magnetic Particle Examination 167
D-3.1.5 Ultrasonic Examination 167
D-3.1.6 Halogen Leak Examination 167
D-3.1.7 Mass Spectrometer Examination 168
D-3.1.8 Air Jet Examination 168
D-3.2 Non-destructive Testing 168
D-3.2.1 Pressure Testing 168
D-3.3 Destructive Testing 170
D-3.3.1 Fatigue Life Testing 170
D-3.3.2 Squirm Testing 171
D-3.33 Meridional Yield - Rupture
Testing 172
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SECTION E
- SHIPPING
AND INSTALLATION
E-1 Shipping and Installation 175
E-1.1 Shipping Tags 175
E-1.2 Shipping Devices 175
E-1.3 Installation 176
E-1.4 Gaskets 176
E-1.5 Recommended Installation Instructions 177
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APPENDICES, TABLES, AND INDEX
Appendix A Standard Expansion Joint Specification Sheet 179
Appendix B Key to Symbols Used 181
Appendix C Circular and Rectangular Movement, Force and Moment Equations 182
Appendix D Conversion Factors 183
Appendix E Preparation of Technical Inquxnes 185
Appendix F Bellows Fatigue Test Requirements 186
Appendix G Bellows High Temperature Cycle Life 190
Appendix H Angular Rotation About One End 193
Appendix I Tabulated Values for Cp, Cf, Cd, B1,
B2 and B3 195
Table I Thermal Expansion of Pipe 22
Table II Moduli of Elasticity of Commonly Used Bellows Materials 132
Table III Recommended Identification Data Required for Bellows Subjected to
Destructive Tests 173
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